Field Trips/ Study Tours

GOVERNMENT DEGREE COILLEGE: JAGGAMPETA

(RUSA MODEL DEGREE COLLEGE)

_{AFFILIATED TO AKNU : RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM}

An

Educational Visit Report

To

_{Hydropower Generation Plant, Yeleswaram}

_{Under the guidance of}

Dr. K. Subramanyam, M.Sc, Ph.D.

Department of Physics

GDC, Jaggampeta-533435

June-2022

1. Background

The Yeleru hydropower field visit was organized by the Department of Physics, Government Degree College, Jaggampeta, in order to acquire the practical knowledge about the hydropower project. The hydropower tour was held on 28^th June 2022. As per the APSCHE, CCE, and Adikavi Nannaya University guidelines and recommendations regarding syllabus of BSc program the site visit was organized. The visit was organized successfully with the prior permission and guidance of honorable principal of Dr. E. Chandra Naidu.

Class : II BSc and III BSc (MPC)

Date : 28/06/2022

T ime : 9.00-4.00

2. Objectives

The main objectives of our field visit were: –

To be familiar with different component of hydropower station and generation of power.

Selection of suitable turbine and generation of power.

Different component of hydropower structures with their technical and economical feasibility.

Operating system of hydropower components and their stability.

Study about conversion of DC to AC power.

3. Location of Hydropower Station

Yeleru Reservoir Project (Y.R.P.) envisages formation of earth dam across river Yeleru to form a Reservoir near Yeleswaram Village in East Godavari District with gross storage capacity of 24.110 TMC. This Project is proposed to be implemented in two phases.

(i) The Phase – I of the project envisages to supply 73 million gallons per day of water to the steel plant at Visakhapatnam and to stabilize 67,614 acres of existing ayacut of Yeleru Irrigation System. An allocation of 23.440 TMC water for Visakhapatnam was provided in Polavaram Project report under Left Main Canal.

(ii) The Phase – II of the project envisages to irrigate an extent of 1.55 lakh acres in East Godavari and Visakhapatnam Districts, after completion of Polavaram Project and its Left Main Canal.

Location	:	Yeleswaram (Village & Mandal)
Longitude	:	82° 5′ 30” E
Latitude	:	17° 18′ 0” N
Year of Completion	:	1991
Ayacut	:	53,017 Acres
Gross Storage	:	24.110 TMC
Dead Storage	:	6.160 TMC
Live Storage	:	17.950 TMC
MDDL	:	+ 72.54 Mts.
Area of Foreshore at F.R.L	:	59.36 Sq.Km.
Spillway Crest Level	:	+ 76.56 Mts.
FRL	:	+ 86.56 Mts.
Lowest River Bed Level	:	+ 48.00 Mts.
Dependable net yield	:	24 TMC
Water Allocation	:	12.95 TMC
Maximum flood discharge	:	2.85 Lakhs, 2h cusecs
Canals	:	Open Head Channels
Water Allocation for Irrigation ( Both Khariff and Rabi )	:	12.95 TMC
Water Allocation for Industries (for G.V.M.C or VIWSCo,. )	:	5.00 TMC
Mandals benefited	:	Kirlampudi, Gollaprolu, Pithapuram, Jaggampeta, Yeleswaram and Prathipadu
Villages benefited	:	76 Nos

4. Hydro electric power plant

4.1 Introduction: Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world’s total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and was expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use.

The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants. The average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity since the amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than fossil fuel powered energy plants.

4.2 Hydropower:

Hydroelectric power comes from water at work, water in motion. It can be seen as a form of solar energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic cycle which gives the earth its water. In the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric water reaches the earths surface as precipitation. Some of this water evaporates, but much of it either percolates into the soil or becomes surface runoff. Water from rain and melting snow eventually reaches ponds, lakes, reservoirs, or oceans where evaporation is constantly occurring.

Moisture percolating into the soil may become ground water (subsurface water), some of which also enters water bodies through springs or underground streams. Ground water may move upward through soil during dry periods and may return to the atmosphere by evaporation. Water vapor passes into the atmosphere by evaporation then circulates, condenses into clouds, and some returns to earth as precipitation. Thus, the water cycle is complete. Nature ensures that water is a renewable resource.

4.3 Components of hydroelectric power plant :

The water flowing in the river comprises of kinetic energy& potential energy. In hydroelectric power plant and the potential energy of water is utilized to produce electricity. There are 8 important components of hydroelectric power plant as below.

Impeller

Shaft

Runner

Casing

The penstock

Water turbine

Generators

4.4 Working of hydroelectric power plant:

To produce hydroelectricity, three things must be present; moving water, a turbine, and a generator. Hydropower stations are designed to harness the kinetic energy from moving water. Ideally, they are factories that convert the energy of falling water into the flow of electrons, commonly known as electricity. In most scenarios, a dam is constructed across a river to elevate the water level and offer the fall needed to develop a driving force. The falling water is then channeled to a turbine wheel at a lower level. The flowing water turns a turbine wheel that is connected to a generator. The generator has a rotor, which is turned by the turbine. The turning of the generator rotor produces electricity.

The functioning of a generator is pegged on the principles revealed by Faraday. His discovery states that when a magnet is moved past a conductor, it triggers electrons to flow. In a large-scale hydroelectric generator, electromagnets are created by circulating direct current via wire loops that are wrapped around heaps of magnetic steel laminations known as field poles. The field poles are mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The rotor is connected to the turbine shaft and spins at a set speed. When the rotor spins, it triggers the electromagnets (field poles) to go beyond the conductors mounted in the stator, causing electrons (electricity) to flow and a voltage to occur at the output terminals of the generator.

The electricity produced is then stepped up in voltage through the hydroelectric power station transformers and sent across transmission lines. The used water having performed its intended purpose is channeled out of the power generation station to the mainstream of the river t o continue the cycle of power generation.

 

 

 

 

 

Turbine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.5 Selection of site for a hydro-electric power plant :

Some point that should be given importance while selecting a site for hydroelectric power stations given below.

Availability of water:-

Since the primary requirement for a hydroelectric power station is the availability of huge amount of water such a plant should be built at a place (ex. River and Canal) where adequate water is available at a good head.

Storage of water:-

There are wide variations in water supply form a river or canal during the year. This makes its necessary to store water by constructing a dam in order to insure the generation of power throughout the year. The storage help in equalizing the flow of water so that any excess quantity of water at a certain period of the year can be made available during times of very low flow in the river. This leads to the conclusion that site selected for hydroelectric plant should provide adequate facility for erecting a dam and storage of water.

Cost and type of land:- The land for the construction of plant should be available at the reasonable price. Further the bearing capacity of the soil should be adequate to withstand the installation of heavy equipment.

Transportation facilities:-

The site selected for the hydroelectric plant should be accessible by rail and road so that necessary equipment and machinery could be easily transported. It is clear from the above mentioned factors that ideal choice of site for such a plant is near a river in hilly areas where dam can be conventionally built at large reservoir can be obtained.

5. Advantages of hydropower plant :

Renewable source of energy there by saves scares fuel reserves.

Economical source of power.

Non-polluting and hence environment friendly

Reliable energy source with approximately 90% availability.

Low generation cost compare with other energy sources.

Indigenous inexhaustible perpetual and renewable energy source.

Low operation and maintenance cost.

Possible to build power plant of high capacity.

Plant equipment is simple.

Socio economic benefits being located usually remote areas.

Higher efficiency, 95%-98%.

Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution.

Water to run the power plant is provided free by nature.

Its renewable rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always their.

6. Disadvantages of hydropower plant :

Susceptible to vagaries of nature such a draught.

Longer construction period and high initial cost.

Lose of large land due to reservoir.

Non availability of suitable size of sites for the construction of time.

Displacement of large population from reservoir area and rehabilitation.

Environment takes aspect reservoir verses river ecology.

High cost of transmission system for remote site.

They use up valuable and limited natural resources.

They can produce a large of pollution.

Companies has a dig up the earth or drill wells to get the coal, oil, and gas.

For nuclear power plants there are waste disposal problems.